All animals have the same ultimate challenge. 所有的动物都有同样的终极挑战.
They've got to successfully raise the next generation. 他们必须成功地培养下一代.
But it's far from straightforward. 但这远非直截了当.
So how do animals increase their chances 如何增加动物的机会
in the minefield of the mating game? 在交配游戏的雷区？
Would they lie,cheat, 他们会撒谎,欺骗,
or trick one another, 或者互相欺骗,
just to pass on their genes? 只是为了遗传他们的基因？
Of course they would! 他们当然会的！
Meet the planet's greatest animal hustlers. 见见地球上最伟大的动物骗子.
The seductive sneaks, 诱人的鬼鬼祟祟,
love rats, 爱老鼠,
liars, 骗子,
and illusionists. 以及魔术师.
Animals doing whatever it takes for love. 动物为了爱不惜一切代价.
If an animal has made it to adulthood, 如果动物已经成年了,
their next big problem is securing a mate. 他们的下一个大问题是找一个伴侣.
It's not as easy as it sounds. 这并不像听起来那么容易.
Many animals live in societies 许多动物生活在社会中
where only dominant individuals get to breed. 只有占优势的个体才能繁殖.
So how do animals at the bottom of the pecking order 那么处于啄食顺序最底层的动物是如何做到的呢
stand a chance of getting what they want? 有机会得到他们想要的吗？
A mob of red kangaroos. 一群红袋鼠.
This male is a long way down in the group's hierarchy. 这只雄性在这个群体的等级体系中有很长一段路要走.
If he wants to have young, 如果他想生孩子,
he's going to have to take on this guy... 他要对付这个家伙...
the alpha male. 大男人.
Only he has the right to mate with females in this group. 只有他有权和这群雌性交配.
Now,our young male could choose the hard way -- 现在,我们的年轻男性可以选择艰难的道路--
the honest way -- 诚实的方式--
and fight his way to the top. 然后奋力爬上顶峰.
But it could take years 但这可能需要很多年
to grow strong enough to dominate his rivals. 变得强大到足以统治他的对手.
And it's risky. 而且很危险.
With a kick that can crush bone, 用一个可以压碎骨头的脚,
kangaroos can inflict serious injury. 袋鼠会造成严重伤害.
So instead,he opts for Plan B... 所以他选择了B计划...
cheat. 欺骗.
If the alpha male isn't looking... 如果大男人不看...
and it's always worth checking... 它总是值得检查...
he takes a chance. 他冒险了.
This illicit liaison 这种非法的联系
is also in the best interests of the female. 也符合女性的最大利益.
By mating with males other than the alpha male, 通过与雄性以外的雄性交配,
she can mix up the group's gene pool 她能搞乱这个群体的基因库
and,for the future of the mob,this can prevent inbreeding 而且,对于暴民的未来,这可以防止近亲繁殖
and could give her offspring a distinct advantage. 这会给她的后代带来明显的好处.
The crafty pair have gotten away with it scot-free 这对狡猾的家伙逍遥法外
and the old alpha male has absolutely no idea 那个老男人完全不知道
that he may not have fathered the next generation. 他可能不是下一代的父亲.
Breaking the rules gives males low in the pecking order 违反规则会使雄性的啄食顺序降低
a chance to continue their line. 有机会继续他们的路线.
But,for most males, 但是,对大多数男性来说,
the biggest challenge is convincing a female 最大的挑战是说服一个女性
to mate with him,in the first place. 首先是为了和他交配.
And some of them have come up with incredibly calculated cons 他们中的一些人想出了难以置信的算计
to get their attention. 以引起他们的注意.
One of nature's greatest cheats 大自然最伟大的骗局之一
lives here... 住在这里...
the grasslands of the Masai Mara, 马赛马拉的草原,
where predator and prey are locked in a battle to survive. 捕食者和猎物被锁定在一场生存的战斗中.
But,remarkably,one animal 但是,值得注意的是,有一种动物
has turned this ever-present danger to his advantage. 把这个永远存在的危险变成了他的优势.
He's the sneakiest pickup artist on the plains. 他是平原上最狡猾的皮卡艺人.
The topi. 托皮.
Africa's unlikely lothario. 非洲不太可能的色狼.
The topi are gathering for the breeding season. 托皮鸟在繁殖季节聚集.
But playing the mating game here isn't easy. 但在这里玩交配游戏并不容易.
Fortunately,topi are ever-alert to the danger. 幸运的是,托皮对危险时刻保持警惕.
With ears pricked and a knowing stare, 耳朵被刺破,目光明察秋毫,
they warn the herd with a loud snort. 他们用响亮的鼻息警告牛群.
Once her cover's blown... 一旦她的掩护被揭穿...
a lioness has no chance of sneaking up unnoticed. 母狮不可能不被人察觉地偷偷溜走.
So,it's back to the matter at hand 所以,回到手头的问题上来
and time is running out. 时间不多了.
Female topi are only in season for one day of the year 一年中只有一天是女性的最佳季节
and they have a whole herd of prospective partners 他们有一大群潜在的伴侣
to choose from, 从中选择,
so competition between these males is intense. 所以这些雄性之间的竞争非常激烈.
Losing a fight means making do with a position 输掉一场比赛就意味着勉强应付一个职位
on the outskirts of the herd, 在牧群的外围,
where it's much harder to attract a mate. 在那里很难吸引异性.
Fortunately,a female is passing by. 幸运的是,一只雌性的路过.
It's his big chance to impress. 这是他给人留下深刻印象的大好机会.
But,she barely notices him. 但是,她几乎没注意到他.
He's going to have to try something a bit more,well, 他还得再试试,嗯,
underhanded. 卑鄙的.
First,he scans the scene. 首先,他扫描了现场.
No sign of danger. 没有危险的迹象.
Which makes what he's about to do very devious,indeed. 这使得他要做的事情非常诡异.
This alarm call will stop any female in her tracks 这个警报会阻止任何一个女性
because it means that a predator must be nearby. 因为这意味着捕食者一定在附近.
But it's a complete con, 但这完全是个骗局,
a false alarm,just to keep her close. 虚惊一场,只是为了让她靠近.
And,by delaying a female just a little bit, 而且,只要推迟一点女性,
he gives himself another vital chance to mate. 他给了自己另一个重要的交配机会.
And she is none the wiser. 她一点也不聪明.
Male topi who use this trick -- 用这个把戏的男托皮--
and many of them do -- 他们中的许多人是这样的--
get,on average, 平均来说,
three more matings with every female 再和每只雌性交配三次
that they fool. 他们愚弄人.
It may be dishonest,but,it works. 这可能是不诚实的,但是,它是有效的.
And the really smart bit? 而真正聪明的一点呢？
They don't use these false-alarm calls 他们不会用这些假警报
outside of the breeding season, 在繁殖季节之外,
so our two-faced topi never gets caught crying wolf. 所以我们的两面派永远不会被抓.
So,a strategically timed trick can keep a female close at hand. 所以,一个策略性的时机可以让一只雌性靠近.
But other ladies are far more demanding. 但其他女士要求更高.
And,to win their attention,males have to pull off 为了赢得它们的注意,雄性必须离开
the most elaborate deceptions in the natural world. 自然界最复杂的骗局.
The Outback: 内地:
tough,unforgiving. 强硬,无情.
Just like one of its female residents. 就像一个女居民一样.
And,in an attempt to impress her, 为了给她留下好印象,
one male has created something truly extraordinary. 一只雄性创造了一些真正非凡的东西.
But this designer has a devious side. 但这位设计师有一个狡猾的一面.
Introducing the great bowerbird. 介绍大园丁鸟.
Now,he's clearly one 现在,他显然是一个
of nature's most skilled architects. 大自然中最熟练的建筑师.
But this isn't a nest that he's building. 但这不是他在建的窝.
It's a bower, 是凉亭,
a structure built purely to impress a female. 纯粹为了给女性留下深刻印象而建造的建筑物.
It's designed to entice her, 是为了吸引她,
to intrigue her, 为了吸引她,
to keep her around long enough to give him a chance to mate. 把她留在身边足够长的时间给他一个交配的机会.
Consider the bower as this bird's Internet dating profile. 把凉亭当作这只鸟的网上约会资料.
It's his way of attracting a female. 这是他吸引女性的方式.
But let's be honest:we all know how this game works. 但老实说,我们都知道这个游戏是如何运作的.
Dating profiles are always improved with a few,let's say, 约会档案总是有一些改进,比如说,
embellishments. 装饰.
And our bird has done something similar. 我们的鸟也做了类似的事情.
He's built something sneaky into his bower. 他在他的凉亭里偷偷地造了些东西.
It's an incredibly sophisticated visual trick. 这是一个非常复杂的视觉技巧.
By taking objects of known scale and playing with perspective, 用已知尺度的物体玩透视法,
the mind can be tricked 头脑是可以被欺骗的
into thinking that they've magically changed size. 以为他们神奇地改变了体型.
It's an illusion called forced perspective. 这是一种错觉,叫做强迫透视.
And it's exactly what our bowerbird 这正是我们的园丁鸟
is up to with his curious construction. 他那古怪的构造很合适.
Professor John Endler has studied bowerbirds 约翰·恩德勒教授研究过园丁鸟
for almost 20 years, 差不多20年了,
and by showing us an abandoned bower, 给我们看一个废弃的凉亭,
he can explain exactly how it's used. 他能准确地解释它是如何使用的.
ENDLER:This is a typical great bowerbird bower, 恩德勒:这是一个典型的大鲍伯德凉亭,
which consists of an avenue,which is a dense, 它由一条林荫道组成,
thatched set of sticks; and two courts, 茅草木棍,两个庭院,
one in the front and one in the back, 一个在前面,一个在后面,
which consists of gray objects, 由灰色物体组成,
mostly stones,bones,and shells. 主要是石头、骨头和贝壳.
The structure is such that it makes a tunnel 这种结构使它形成了一个隧道
and the female comes in from the back 女的从后面进来
and then looks outward through the other entrance 然后从另一个入口向外看
to the tunnel and the male displays just outside that. 到了隧道里,男人就在外面.
NARRATOR:While John was observing bowerbirds, 旁白:当约翰观察园丁鸟的时候,
he and his colleague made a very exciting discovery. 他和他的同事有了一个非常令人兴奋的发现.
ENDLER:We suddenly noticed an interesting pattern 我们突然发现了一个有趣的模式
on the court. 在球场上.
If you look at the very bottom of it, 如果你看它的底部,
near the avenue entrance, 在大街入口附近,
the objects tended to be small, 物体往往很小,
and they get bigger and bigger 它们变得越来越大
and bigger as you go further out. 越走越远越大.
This repeated itself over many hundreds of bowers. 这在数百个鞠躬中反复出现.
NARRATOR:So let's see how this tricks a prospective mate. 旁白:那么让我们看看这是如何欺骗未来伴侣的.
She's inside the bower, 她在凉亭里,
in just the position for the illusion to work. 只是为了让幻觉起作用.
Now usually,the further things are away from us, 通常,离我们越远的东西,
the smaller they look. 它们看起来越小.
But our bowerbird has reversed this 但我们的鲍伯德已经改变了这一点
with his gradient of stones. 用他那倾斜的石头.
And when the female stands in the bower, 当女人站在凉亭里,
it changes how the world is supposed to look. 它改变了世界的面貌.
And just like us,looking at the cars, 就像我们一样,看着车,
or other forced-perspective illusions... 或者其他强迫的幻觉...
it takes her a while to make sense of what she's seeing. 她花了一段时间才明白她所看到的.
And this makes her stay a few crucial seconds longer. 这让她多呆了几秒钟.
Now,he's got a captive audience. 现在,他有一批俘虏般的观众.
His beautiful illusion is enhanced 他美丽的幻觉增强了
by the movement of objects that he tosses in front of it. 通过他扔在它前面的物体的运动.
Watch this. 看这个.
Clearly,it's a kind of courtship 很明显,这是一种求爱
that only bowerbirds understand. 只有园丁鸟才明白.
Success. 成功.
This is the very first time that any animal 这是第一次任何动物
has been seen using the illusion of forced perspective... 有人用强迫透视的错觉...
and it's an illusion that works. 这是一种有效的错觉.
Remarkable new science is now revealing 非凡的新科学正在揭示
that many animals all across the world 世界上很多动物
are using mindbending optical illusions in the mating game. 在交配游戏中使用了令人费解的光学幻觉.
In the forests of South America,this male wire-tailed manakin 在南美洲的森林里,这种雄性的丝尾海牛
displays to a mate with his bright coloration 用他鲜艳的颜色向伴侣展示
and he's got a neat trick to maximize his assets, 他有一个很好的诀窍来最大化他的资产,
using a very clever visual illusion. 使用一个非常聪明的视觉错觉.
If we focus on the rectangle in the center of the screen, 如果我们把焦点放在屏幕中央的矩形上,
it appears darker on the left-hand side 左侧的颜色较暗
than it does on the right. 而不是右边.
But when we move the rectangle, 但是当我们移动矩形时,
so that it's against a uniform background, 所以在统一的背景下,
we can see that,in fact,it's all the same color. 我们可以看到,事实上,它的颜色都是一样的.
This is an example 这是一个例子
of the simultaneous brightness/ contrast effect. 同时具有亮度/对比度的效果.
And the sneaky manakin is using just this illusion. 而鬼鬼祟祟的海牛只是在利用这个幻觉.
He needs to appear to be as bright,as vivid,as possible. 他需要表现得尽可能聪明、生动.
Yet he displays in dark shadows,under the rainforest canopy. 然而,他却在雨林树冠下的黑暗阴影中现身.
Why on Earth would he do that? 他到底为什么要那样做？
Well,if we imagine that each of these birds 如果我们想象这些鸟
are brightly colored males of the same species, 是同一物种的颜色鲜艳的雄性,
if one is displaying in the light 如果有人在灯光下
and one is displaying in the shade, 一个在阴凉处展示,
there's no doubt at all 毫无疑问
that the bird displaying in the shade looks brighter, 在阴凉处展示的鸟看起来更明亮,
and it's all due to the way that our brains, 这都是因为我们的大脑,
and the brains of birds,register contrast. 和鸟类的大脑,记录对比.
It's a mindblowing effect 这是一个令人兴奋的效果
and a supremely shady deception. 以及一个极其阴暗的骗局.
Visual trickery gives some males the edge, 视觉上的欺骗给了一些男性优势,
when it comes to attraction. 说到吸引力.
But most use a far more straightforward approach: 但大多数人使用更直接的方法:
simply be the biggest. 做最大的.
Despite all the debate, 尽管争论不休,
when it comes to impressing the opposite sex, 说到给异性留下深刻印象,
size really does matter. 大小真的很重要.
It helps females make a choice 它帮助女性做出选择
because it's an honest representation 因为这是诚实的陈述
of the male's underlying strength and fitness. 男性潜在的力量和健康.
It's a foolproof plan, 这是个万无一失的计划,
unless,of course,you can cheat the system. 当然,除非你能欺骗系统.
A fiddler crab. 招潮蟹.
This one,enormous claw 这只,巨大的爪子
means that he's a male. 意味着他是个男性.
Eyeing the beach,he's looking for a mate. 他盯着海滩,在找伴侣.
And his oversized appendage is the way to win her over, 他那超大的附属物是赢得她的方法,
so he takes pride in its appearance. 所以他以它的外表为荣.
All he has to do 他要做的就是
is wave it in the air to attract a passing female. 是在空中挥舞它来吸引路过的女性.
The problem is 问题是
there's a little competition. 有点竞争.
As many as 45 crabs can be found in just 1 square yard of mud. 在一平方码的泥地里可以找到多达45只螃蟹.
Now,when the females are receptive, 现在,当雌性接受能力强的时候,
they leave their burrows to size up the local talent. 他们留下自己的洞穴来评估当地的人才.
And,while most of the males sport an average appendage, 最普通的男性和附属物,
others are much more impressive. 其他的则更令人印象深刻.
Which goes down pretty well with the females. 这在雌性动物身上很受欢迎.
And begs the question: 并提出一个问题:
how does the less-equipped male actually compete? 装备较差的男性实际上是如何竞争的？
He needs to make his claw stand out in the crowd. 他需要让他的爪子在人群中脱颖而出.
But how? 但是怎么做呢？
Well,scientists noticed that these crabs 科学家注意到这些螃蟹
are very particular about their neighbors. 对邻居很挑剔.
Just like the manakin and bowerbird, 就像海牛和园丁鸟一样,
fiddler crabs use an optical illusion 小提琴蟹使用一种视觉错觉
to increase their pulling power, 为了增加他们的牵引力,
an illusion that can be simply demonstrated 一种可以简单证明的幻觉
with two identical stones. 有两块相同的石头.
If we surround one with larger stones 如果我们用更大的石头围起来
and one with smaller stones,then the stone on the left 还有一个是小石头,然后是左边的石头
appears smaller than that on the right. 看起来比右边的小.
But if we switch sides, 但如果我们改变立场,
the opposite stone appears smaller. 相反的石头看起来更小.
This is a mindbending trick of visual perception 这是一个令人费解的视觉感知技巧
known as the Ebbinghaus Illusion, 被称为埃宾豪斯幻觉,
and it's one that fiddler crabs use to their advantage. 这是小提琴蟹利用它们的优势.
By surrounding himself with smaller males, 把自己包围在更小的雄性身上,
a crab could make his average-sized claw 螃蟹能做出中等大小的爪子
appear larger than it really is. 看起来比实际的要大.
But how can an animal like a crab 但是动物怎么能像螃蟹一样
organize such a clever trick? 组织这么聪明的把戏？
Well,he can't just wander around and stand 他不能到处闲逛
next to a smaller-clawed crab to make his look bigger. 旁边是一只小爪蟹,让它看起来更大.
He's got to stay near his burrow: 他必须呆在洞穴附近:
it's vital for his survival. 这对他的生存至关重要.
It's his bolthole at high tide. 这是他在涨潮时的突破口.
And his escape from predators. 以及他逃离捕食者.
So,instead,he does something extraordinary: 所以,相反,他做了一些非同寻常的事情:
he manipulates his neighbors. 他操纵邻居.
If a rival male moves in to the territory next door 如果有一个雄性竞争对手进入隔壁的领地
and it's got a small claw, 它有一只小爪子,
then the average-sized crab won't challenge it at all. 那么一般大小的螃蟹根本不会挑战它.
It will only chase off new neighbors with a large claw. 它只会用一只大爪子赶走新邻居.
And it doesn't stop there. 它还不止于此.
He'll also defend his small-clawed neighbors, 他也会保护他的小爪子邻居,
by driving out any intruder with a large claw. 用一只大爪子赶走任何入侵者.
All for his own gain. 都是为了他自己的利益.
Because,if he can permanently surround himself 如果他能永远包围自己
with small-clawed neighbors,then his average claw 小爪子的邻居,那么他的爪子一般
will appear,relatively,much larger. 相对来说,会显得更大.
Simple,beautiful,and definitely deceptive. 简单,美丽,绝对有欺骗性.
It turns out that,for these crafty crustaceans, 原来,对于这些狡猾的甲壳类动物,
size needn't be an issue,after all. 毕竟,尺寸不必是个问题.
From artful illusions,let's move on to blatant cheats. 从巧妙的幻想开始,让我们继续讨论明目张胆的欺骗.
Some males will go to extreme lengths 有些雄性会走极端
to trick the competition and beguile the girl. 欺骗竞争对手欺骗女孩.
And,to start the next generation, 为了开创下一代,
one animal is even breaking the fundamental laws of nature. 有一种动物甚至违反了自然的基本规律.
The Brouage wetlands 布鲁奇湿地
are the stronghold of a beautiful bird of prey: 是美丽猛禽的据点:
the marsh harrier. 沼泽鹞.
In the breeding season,this male has a problem. 在繁殖季节,这只雄性有问题.
Competition with other males over breeding territories 与其他雄性争夺繁殖领地
is intense. 是强烈的.
So,to avoid dangerous conflict, 所以,为了避免危险的冲突,
this male has an extraordinary solution 这个男人有一个特别的解决办法
and it's a groundbreaking discovery. 这是一个突破性的发现.
Adult male marsh harriers 成年雄性沼泽鹞
can be identified by gray panels on their wings 可以通过翅膀上的灰色面板来识别
and also by their plain gray tail. 还有它们的灰色尾巴.
Females,in contrast,are much browner. 相比之下,女性更棕色.
They have pale leading edges to the wings and a pale head. 它们的翅膀有着苍白的前缘和苍白的头部.
This looks like a typical female, 这看起来像个典型的女性,
but,in fact,it's not. 但是,事实上,它不是.
It's a male in disguise. 它是一只伪装的雄性.
Since he became an adult,this male 自从他成年后,这个男人
has grown feathers that make him look like a female. 长出的羽毛让他看起来像个雌性.
It's remarkable, 很了不起,
because,in many species,the harriers included, 因为在许多物种中,鹞包括,
males and females deliberately look different. 男性和女性故意看起来不同.
It's called sexual dimorphism. 这叫做性二型.
Both sexes use these visual cues 男女都使用这些视觉线索
to know how to behave towards one another. 懂得如何对待对方.
Whether to fight or to flirt. 是打架还是调情.
So why would this bird 为什么这只鸟会
intentionally put on this pretense? 故意装成这样？
Well,this extraordinary phenomenon has been studied 好吧,这个不寻常的现象已经被研究过了
by Dr.Audrey Sternalski for the last four years 在过去的四年里
and her findings are truly remarkable. 她的发现真的很了不起.
Using model marsh harriers, 使用沼泽鹞模型,
Audrey is conducting an experiment right in the heart 奥黛丽正在做一个心脏实验
of a male marsh harrier's territory. 一只雄性沼泽鹞的领地.
She's introducing an intruder, 她在介绍一个入侵者,
in the form of a decoy that's been accurately painted 以一个被精确描绘的诱饵的形式出现
to look like a typical male marsh harrier. 看起来像一只典型的雄性沼泽鹞.
Now,she waits,to see what happens. 现在,她等着,看看会发生什么.
Here's the resident male. 这是住院男性.
During the breeding season,male marsh harriers 在繁殖季节,雄性沼泽鹞
are fiercely protective of their nesting sites. 它们强烈地保护它们的巢穴.
He's spotted the decoy. 他发现了诱饵.
Legs down,talons out. 腿放下,爪子伸出来.
This is a clear threat to the intruder... 这显然是对入侵者的威胁...
who he sees as a rival. 他视之为对手.
But what happens if we put out a different decoy? 但是如果我们用不同的诱饵会怎么样？
Enter the female mimic. 输入女性模拟.
How's he going to react to this one? 他对这件事会有什么反应？
The resident male is heading towards the decoy. 这只雄性居民正朝诱饵走去.
He's right above it, 他就在上面,
but shows no aggression at all. 但丝毫没有表现出侵略性.
There's no doubt that he saw it,but,he just drifted past. 毫无疑问,他看到了,但是,他只是飘然而过.
So,pretending to be a female 所以,假装是个女性
stops these males from being attacked 阻止这些雄性被攻击
and this allows them to set up their own territories, 这样他们就可以建立自己的领地,
right under the resident male's nose. 就在住院男性鼻子底下.
But,of course,the ultimate goal for these males 但是,当然,这些雄性的最终目标
is still to breed,so how does that work? 还是要繁衍后代,那怎么办呢？
Well,when our cheat meets a real female, 好吧,当我们的骗子遇到一个真正的女性,
he switches tactics. 他变换战术.
Just like a typical male,he courts her, 就像一个典型的男人,他追求她,
with an elaborate sky dance. 伴随着精心设计的空中舞蹈.
She has no doubts at all that he's a male bird. 她一点也不怀疑他是一只雄鸟.
They settle down to raise the next generation. 他们安顿下来抚养下一代.
He gets access to prime hunting grounds 他能进入主要的狩猎场
and can bring up his chicks without any conflict. 而且可以毫无冲突地抚养他的小鸡.
This cunning strategy is so successful, 这个狡猾的策略非常成功,
that almost half the males here 几乎一半的男性
use cross-dressing to their advantage. 利用变装对他们有利.
But,while masquerading marsh harriers are committed 但是,在伪装沼泽鹞的时候
to looking like females for their entire lives... 一辈子都像女人...
in the ocean,there's an animal that can change its disguise 在海洋里,有一种动物可以改变它的伪装
in just an instant. 就在一瞬间.
Giant Australian cuttlefish,up to 3 feet long, 澳大利亚巨型墨鱼,长达3英尺,
are gathering to breed. 正在聚集繁殖.
The marble-colored females draw in their tentacles, 大理石色的雌性会伸出触角,
to show that they're impressed by a male. 以显示他们对男性的印象.
The big guys,with bold,striped courtship patterns, 大块头,有着大胆的条纹求爱图案,
dominate this crowd. 控制这群人.
They guard females underneath their bodies. 它们在身体下面保护雌性.
A small male has a tough time even getting a look, 一个小个子的男人即使看也不好受,
as bigger males use brute force to keep him away. 因为更大的雄性用暴力把他赶走.
But this opportunist is about to pull out his party trick. 但这名机会主义者即将拿出他的政党伎俩.
He draws in his tentacles to look like a female. 他把触角拉得像个雌性.
But that's not all. 但还不止这些.
He even changes his pattern to complete the con. 他甚至改变了他的模式来完成这个骗局.
Using this devious drag act, 用这种诡计多端的拖拽动作,
he slips underneath the male. 他滑到了雄性的下面.
As far as the big guy is concerned, 就大人物而言,
he's now protecting another female. 他现在在保护另一个女人.
But,beneath him, 但是,在他下面,
our cross-dresser is mating with the female. 我们的变装者正在和雌性交配.
And he's ensured that at least some of the next generation 他保证至少下一代
belong to him. 属于他.
These elaborate illusions give animals an advantage, 这些精心设计的幻觉给了动物一个优势,
when it comes to mating. 说到交配.
But there's a bigger challenge ahead, 但前面还有更大的挑战,
once their little ones are born. 一旦他们的孩子出生.
To make sure their offspring survive, 为了确保他们的后代存活下来,
animals have to provide food,shelter, 动物必须提供食物,住所,
and protection around the clock. 全天候保护.
It's a massive investment of time and energy. 这是一个巨大的时间和精力的投资.
So perhaps it's no surprise that some of them have found 所以他们中的一些人发现
very sneaky ways to reduce these childcare costs. 很狡猾的方法来降低这些儿童保育费用.
It might not look like it, 可能看起来不像,
but one of the most cunning animals on the planet 但是地球上最狡猾的动物之一
is the freshwater mussel. 是淡水贻贝.
Like all mothers,she wants to provide 像所有的母亲一样,她想提供
her precious offspring with food and protection. 她珍贵的后代有食物和保护.
But in a fastflowing,barren river, 但是在一条水流湍急、贫瘠的河流里,
that's an impossible challenge. 这是一个不可能的挑战.
Unless she can enlist help from an unsuspecting neighbor. 除非她能从一个毫无戒心的邻居那里寻求帮助.
Like,say,a bass. 比如说,低音.
But,first,she has to completely dupe it. 但是,首先,她必须完全欺骗它.
Hidden inside her shell is something extraordinary... 隐藏在她的壳里的是一种非凡的东西...
the perfect fish lure. 完美的鱼饵.
An incredible copy of the small fishes 令人难以置信的小鱼复制品
she lives alongside, 她住在附近,
which happen to be the bass' favorite prey. 正好是鲈鱼最喜欢的猎物.
It's totally taken in. 完全被接受了.
And when the bass attacks. 当低音响起时.
chambers inside the mussel break open 贻贝内部的腔室破裂了
and she fires her young straight into the fish's face. 她把她的幼崽直接射到鱼的脸上.
It's exactly where she wants them. 这正是她想要的地方.
Her little ones snap shut on the fish's gills, 她的孩子们咬住了鱼的鳃,
where they feed on nutrients from its blood. 它们以血液中的营养为食.
Her brood is safe. 她的孩子很安全.
And,when they're big enough, 当它们足够大的时候,
they drop down to the riverbed and grow into adults. 它们会降落到河床上长大成人.
She's pulled off the perfect con. 她完成了完美的骗局.
Even more extraordinary 更不寻常
is the fact that this mussel doesn't have any eyes. 事实上这只贻贝没有眼睛.
It can't even see the fish that it's mimicking. 它甚至看不到它在模仿的鱼.
Such a sneaky solution to childcare 这么狡猾的托儿办法
has transformed the modest mussel 改变了谦虚的贻贝
into a master of deception. 变成了一个欺骗大师.
There's no doubt,it's a cunning way to raise a family. 毫无疑问,这是一种养家糊口的巧妙方法.
But,in East Africa, 但是在东非,
one animal has taken things a whole stage further. 一种动物把事情推进了一个新的阶段.
And this plays out as one of the darkest deceptions of all. 这是最黑暗的骗局之一.
This hustler is the greater honeyguide. 这个骗子是更大的蜜指南.
As its name suggests, 顾名思义,
it guides people to honey-filled bees' nests. 它引导人们找到充满蜂蜜的蜂巢.
The deal is that both sides get a reward. 协议是双方都会得到奖励.
So,our honeyguide seems a caring,sharing kind of bird. 所以,我们的蜜鸟看起来是一种关心他人、分享的鸟.
But,when it comes to parenting,she has a sinister secret. 但是,说到养育子女,她有一个阴险的秘密.
Because she doesn't do any,at all. 因为她什么都不做.
And the key is conning another species... 关键是控制另一个物种...
an unsuspecting pair of little bee-eaters. 一对毫无戒心的小食蜂人.
Their nest is just inside an abandoned aardvark burrow. 它们的巢就在一个废弃的土豚洞里.
It's pitch black in here, 这里漆黑一片,
but with the help of special cameras, 但是在特殊摄像机的帮助下,
we can reveal the extraordinary events inside this nest. 我们可以揭示这个巢穴里的非凡事件.
The bee-eaters 食蜂人
incubate their precious eggs around the clock. 24小时孵育它们珍贵的卵.
Each is barely the size of a fingernail. 每一个都只有指甲那么大.
But look closer. 但是仔细看.
The slightly larger one is the egg of the honeyguide. 稍大一点的是蜂蜜向导的蛋.
Her devious plan has already been laid. 她的诡计已定.
This is the behavior of a brood parasite, 这是一种寄生虫的行为,
laying its eggs in others' nests. 在别人的巢里下蛋.
It's a behavior that's been filmed in Europe, 这是在欧洲拍摄的行为,
of a rather more familiar bird. 更熟悉的鸟.
The Eurasian cuckoo,a seasoned hustler. 欧亚杜鹃,一种老练的骗子.
Cuckoos lay their eggs in other birds' nests 布谷鸟在其他鸟巢下蛋
and,apart from a small size difference, 而且,除了尺寸上的差异,
they mimic them perfectly. 他们模仿得很完美.
The parents -- in this case,a pair of reed warblers -- 父母——在这个例子中,是一对苇莺--
are completely fooled and they incubate them all, 完全被愚弄了,他们孵化了他们,
leaving the female cuckoo 离开母杜鹃
completely free of any responsibility. 完全不负任何责任.
Back in Africa,it's a similar story. 回到非洲,情况也差不多.
The doting bee-eaters care for all of the eggs. 喜欢吃蜜蜂的人爱护所有的蛋.
But the honeyguide has a new problem. 但是蜜指南有一个新的问题.
Her chick needs the bee-eaters' sole attention to survive. 她的小鸡需要蜜蜂的唯一关注来生存.
How is she going to orchestrate that? 她要怎么安排？
One of the eggs has hatched, 其中一个蛋已经孵化了,
and it's the honeyguide's. 这是蜜指南的.
Exactly as she intended. 完全如她所愿.
Our honeyguide incubated her egg for a while inside her body 我们的蜂蜜向导在她的体内孵化了她的卵
before laying it, 在铺设之前,
ensuring that it hatched first. 确保它先孵化出来.
The bee-eaters have been completely duped. 吃蜜蜂的人完全被骗了.
They believe this colossal chick is their helpless firstborn, 他们相信这只巨大的小鸡是他们无助的长子,
and they do everything they can to care for it... 他们想尽一切办法照顾它...
keeping it warm 保暖
and working tirelessly to find it food. 不知疲倦地寻找食物.
But,as the other eggs near their hatching date, 但是,当其他卵接近孵化期时,
all of this is about to change. 所有这些都将改变.
And living deep underground means things work differently. 生活在地下深处意味着事情的运作方式不同.
Above ground,brood parasites,like the Eurasian cuckoo, 在地上繁殖寄生虫,像欧亚杜鹃,
have an extremely underhanded way 极其卑鄙
of dealing with the competition. 应对竞争.
Although the imposter chick is seemingly helpless, 虽然冒名顶替的小妞看起来很无助,
its innate response to unhatched eggs is quite extraordinary. 它与生俱来对未孵化卵的反应是非常特别的.
It heaves them straight out of the nest... 它直接把它们从巢里拽出来...
removing the problem 排除问题
and ensuring that it gets all the food. 确保它得到所有的食物.
Until it's old enough to fledge. 直到它长大到羽翼未丰.
No matter how big 不管多大
it gets. 它得到了.
But,back in Africa, 但是,回到非洲,
our honeyguide chick can't kick out the other eggs. 我们的蜜鸟不能踢出其他的蛋.
It's in a deep,underground burrow, 在一个很深的地下洞穴里,
and the other eggs have already started to hatch. 其他的卵已经开始孵化了.
It needs another way. 它需要另一种方法.
The chick's solution 小鸡的解决方案
goes well beyond the efforts of its scheming mother. 远远超出了她那诡计多端的母亲的努力.
It's been growing a very specialized, 它已经成长为一个非常专业的,
razor-sharp bill. 锋利的喙.
Now,remember:it can't even see its rivals, 现在,记住:它甚至看不到对手,
but it takes a stab in the dark. 但这需要在黑暗中捅一刀.
This is pure instinct at work. 这是纯粹的本能在起作用.
One by one,each of its foster siblings 一个接一个,每个寄养的兄弟姐妹
is killed. 被杀了.
This behavior may be shocking, 这种行为可能令人震惊,
but it's a strategy that works. 但这是一个有效的策略.
The honeyguide chick now has the bee-eaters' undivided attention 蜜蜂向导小鸡现在得到了食蜂人的全神贯注
until it's ready to leave the nest. 直到它准备离开巢穴.
As for the chick's true mother, 至于小鸡真正的母亲,
she not only got out of the effort of raising a family, 她不仅是为了养家糊口,
she never even sees her own chick. 她甚至连自己的小鸡都没见过.
Surely,it's the most devious childcare plan 当然,这是最狡猾的育儿计划
that has ever been hatched. 已经孵化出来了.
Crafty cuckooing has to be the most deceitful way 狡猾的布谷鸟一定是最诡诈的方式
of avoiding parental duties, 逃避父母的责任,
but cunning tricks are not just for the shirkers. 但狡猾的伎俩不只是逃避者.
Highly dedicated mothers 敬业的母亲
are every bit as capable of daring duplicity, 都有能力做出大胆的口是心非,
especially when it comes to keeping children safe. 尤其是在保护儿童安全方面.
Female hamadryas baboons have a harder job than most 雌性hamadryas狒狒的工作比大多数狒狒都难
keeping their babies out of harm's way. 让他们的孩子远离危险.
And the danger is not what you might expect. 危险并不是你所期望的.
They're part of a group of about 200 individuals, 他们是大约200人的一部分,
but each female lives in a small harem governed by a male boss: 但是每个女人都住在一个由一个男老板管理的小后宫里:
the babies' father. 孩子们的父亲.
These family units seem to work. 这些家庭单位似乎起作用了.
That is,until new blood enters the scene. 也就是说,直到新的血液进入现场.
This rival male is battling the leader for the top spot. 这只竞争对手正与领头羊争夺头名.
He's won, 他赢了,
and,now,the harem belongs to him. 现在,后宫属于他.
With a new leader,this mother now has a big problem. 有了新领导,这位母亲现在有了大麻烦.
The new male has just one thing on his mind: 新来的雄性只有一件事在想:
to father his own offspring. 为自己的后代做父亲.
But suckling her current baby 但是给她现在的孩子喂奶
prevents her from becoming fertile, 阻止她生育,
so he has a radical method to deal with this issue. 所以他有一个激进的方法来处理这个问题.
He could kill her baby. 他可以杀了她的孩子.
Female hamadryas baboons are known to lose their babies 众所周知,雌性hamadryas狒狒会失去自己的宝宝
to new males when they take over a harem. 当新的雄性接管了后宫.
It's a devastating outcome for a mother. 这对一个母亲来说是一个毁灭性的结局.
But it brings them into season, 但这会让他们进入季节,
so they're ready to mate with their new leader. 所以他们准备好和他们的新领袖交配了.
And this female knows that it could happen to her. 这只雌性知道它可能会发生在她身上.
Desperate to prevent this, 不顾一切地阻止这一切,
she uses the most highly sophisticated deceit imaginable 她用了你能想象到的最复杂的欺骗手段
to save her baby. 为了救她的孩子.
Female baboons have pink swellings 雌性狒狒有粉红色的肿胀
that advertise to males when they're in season. 在季节来临时给雄性做广告.
But in the case of our female, 但就我们女性而言,
it's just a bluff, 只是虚张声势,
and it's a very effective one. 这是一个非常有效的方法.
It appears she tricks the male 看来她在耍男人
into thinking that she's fertile. 以为她能生育.
This is known as false estrus. 这就是所谓的假发情.
And a bit of flirting seals the deal. 一点调情就能达成协议.
She's actually letting him mate with her, 她让他和她交配,
but there's no chance of her getting pregnant. 但她不可能怀孕.
This perfect fraud is all to protect her infant. 这个完美的骗局就是为了保护她的婴儿.
Having fooled the new leader into thinking she's fertile, 愚弄了新领导,让她觉得她很有生育能力,
she's removed the danger of him harming her baby. 她已经消除了他伤害孩子的危险.
He's been beautifully duped and is none the wiser. 他被骗得很漂亮,一点也不聪明.
And this amazing mother has pulled off a very clever con. 这位神奇的母亲成功地设计了一个非常聪明的骗局.
Despite the lengths parents go to 尽管父母付出了很多代价
to protect and look after their young, 为了保护和照顾他们的孩子,
it seems that it's never quite enough. 似乎永远不够.
All young animals have their own agenda. 所有的小动物都有自己的议程.
They want more time,more food,more protection, 他们想要更多的时间,更多的食物,更多的保护,
more than their parents want to give. 比他们父母想要的要多.
So,in order to get their own way, 所以,为了走自己的路,
some youngsters have taken deception to a whole new level. 一些年轻人把欺骗提高到了一个全新的水平.
These bold and boisterous birds are called pied babblers 这些大胆而喧闹的鸟被称为斑鸫
and the ones with black wings and white bodies are the adults. 黑翅白体的是成虫.
Hiding in the shelter of the bushes are the plainer, 躲在灌木丛掩蔽处的是更朴素的人,
brown youngsters. 棕色的年轻人.
But don't be fooled by their drabness. 但别被他们的单调愚弄.
These young chicks are out to trick their own parents. 这些小鸡崽是想欺骗自己的父母.
They already have the whole family 他们已经拥有了整个家庭
running around after them. 到处追他们.
Their parents and the older siblings 他们的父母和兄妹
are working relentlessly to satisfy their appetites. 他们不遗余力地工作以满足他们的胃口.
But,as far as they're concerned, 但是,就他们而言,
that's still not enough. 这还不够.
So,they have a very clever trick to get more food. 所以,他们有一个非常聪明的方法来获得更多的食物.
And it's pretty outrageous. 这太离谱了.
It involves the babblers' predators. 它涉及到狒狒的捕食者.
The Kalahari is a dangerous place to live. 卡拉哈里是个危险的地方.
So,for a young bird,staying hidden is,by far, 所以,对一只小鸟来说,躲起来是远远的,
the safest option. 最安全的选择.
But these young birds do quite the opposite. 但这些小鸟却恰恰相反.
Rather than hide in the safety of the bushes, 与其躲在安全的灌木丛里,
these youngsters appear to have a death wish. 这些年轻人似乎有一个死亡的愿望.
The chick hops right out into the open 小鸡跳到外面去了
and makes loads of noise. 并制造大量噪音.
A dangerous thing to do,when you're surrounded by predators. 当你被捕食者包围时,做一件危险的事.
But,as with all things in nature, 但是,就像自然界的一切事物一样,
there's a method in this seeming madness. 在这种看似疯狂的行为中有一种方法.
A groundbreaking new discovery 突破性的新发现
is revealing the chicks' manipulative master plan. 是在揭露小鸡们的操控计划.
Dr.Mandy Ridley and her team began their research 曼迪·里德利博士和她的团队开始了他们的研究
on pied babblers in the Kalahari in 2003. 2003年喀拉哈里岛上的斑鸫.
After studying the behavior 在研究了行为之后
of chicks begging for food out in the open, 小鸡在外面乞食,
it became clear that what they were doing 很明显他们在做什么
was nothing short of out-and-out blackmail. 简直就是彻头彻尾的敲诈.
To demonstrate exactly what they're up to, 为了证明他们到底在干什么,
Mandy is going to play a predator alarm call 曼迪要玩捕食者警报
from a starling,one of the babblers' neighbors. 一只八哥鸟的邻居.
When they hear the alarm call, 当他们听到警报时,
they should think that a predator is present, 他们应该认为有捕食者存在,
and she'll be able to see just how they react. 她就能看到他们的反应.
Well,the adults clearly heard that call 好吧,大人们都清楚地听到了
and were very quick to take cover. 很快就找到了掩护.
But the chicks are still out in the open 但是小鸡们仍然在外面
and they're still calling for food. 他们还在叫食物.
To stop all of this noise attracting the attention 为了阻止所有这些噪音引起人们的注意
of predators,the adults rush out to feed them. 捕食者,成虫会冲出来喂它们.
They're trying to keep them quiet. 他们想让他们保持安静.
By using this strategy, 通过使用这种策略,
the chicks can get fed an incredible 9 times more food. 小鸡可以得到比原来多9倍的食物.
The deceit displayed by these chicks 这些小鸡表现出的欺骗
in order to get exactly what they want is downright devious. 为了得到他们想要的东西是完全不正当的.
Surely,blackmailing their own family 当然,勒索他们自己的家人
from the moment they hatched 从它们孵化的那一刻起
must make this the ultimate animal hustle. 一定会让这成为终极的动物大战.
So,whether it's animals avoiding predators, 所以,不管是动物躲避捕食者,
finding food, 找到食物,
or starting a family, 或者组建一个家庭,
we've met the cheats,the liars,and hustlers 我们见过骗子,骗子和骗子
that will stop at nothing to get ahead in the game of life. 为了在人生的游戏中取得成功,这一切都不会停止.
From those who transform the way they look... 从那些改变他们外表的人那里...
to those that change their behavior, 改变他们的行为,
we should celebrate 我们应该庆祝一下
these illusionists,con artists,and thieves. 这些魔术师,骗子和小偷.
After all,it's a jungle out there. 毕竟,外面是个丛林.
And the truth is,sharp wits,a good disguise, 事实是,聪明的人,好的伪装,
and a clever plan help them succeed in a dangerous world. 一个聪明的计划可以帮助他们在危险的世界中取得成功.
And that's what the hustle is all about. 这就是为什么要这么做.
To learn more about what you've seen on this "Nature" program, 想了解更多关于“自然”节目的内容,
visit pbs.org. 访问pbs.org网站.